Anthony M. Lowman, Thomas D. Dziubla
DOI: 10.1002/0471216275.esm040
Reference-entry published July 2002 in Encyclopedia of Smart Materials
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keywords: #hydrogels # gels # overview # structure # properties # classifications # temperature-sensitive # ph sensitive # complexing hydrogels Edit keywords
Regina Bulatova
28.Dec.2018
Fundamentals of the gels, incl. gels' classification, structures, synthetic methods, and properties
Regina Bulatova
28.Dec.2018
Fundamentals of the gels, incl. gels' classification, structures, synthetic methods, and properties
Crinetic is an online information service. The following Terms and Conditions (hereafter referred to as the “Agreement”) govern the use of the website (www.crinetic.com, hereafter referred to as the “Website”) and all its content, services, applications and corresponding products available on or via the Website, hereafter referred to as the “Service”.
The Service is owned and operated by the provider Crinetic IVS, hereafter referred to as the “Provider”. The current Agreement is a mutual legal agreement between Crinetic IVS and a natural person or legal entity, who as an individual recipient of the Service uses the Service for any lawful purpose, hereafter referred to as the “User”. The Service is offered subject to your acceptance without modification as they are in the Agreement, containing a set of operating rules, policies, and procedures.
Please read this Agreement carefully prior to accessing or using the Service. Accessing or using any part of the Service indicates your full and unconditional acceptance of all statements in this Agreement. Accordingly, if you disagree with this Agreement or any part of it, you must not access or use the Service. You must be at least 13 years of age to use the Service. This Agreement constitutes one and the only agreement between the User and the Provider regarding the subject matter, and it can be modified only by the Provider and be caused by a written amendment, and confirmed by the signature of authorized executives of the Provider by posting an updated version of the Agreement.
To be eligible for an individual account in the Service, you must be at least 13 years of age.
By using the Service or accepting this Agreement, you must warrant to provide valid information in your personal account. The Provider does not collect data, which may be considered as “sensitive personal data” under the section 7 (1) and section 8 (1) of Act on Processing of Personal Data of Act No. 429 of 31 May 2000 and the Executive Order on Security (Denmark) or any equivalent legislation in other jurisdictions.
You may register an account using one of your existing accounts from other Social Networks, and get a limited access to the Service. By completing and submitting the account registration form from the Service, and following the instruction in the confirmation email that the system will send to you, you get a full access to the Service.
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You must inform the Provider in writing immediately if you become aware of any unauthorized use of your account of the Service or any other violation of the security breaches of the Agreement.
You must not use or describe your account in any unlawful, illegal, fraudulent or harmful manner.
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The Provider may disclose your identifiable information to companies and others performing services on our behalf for the following purposes: administration, providing other services, quality improvement related activities, customer care, risk management, security, research and analysis, monitoring, and loyalty programs. You are entitled to hold your free account in the Service, correct any inaccuracies, and delete personal data if you wish to terminate your account.
If the User expresses opinions by interacting (i.e., agreeing, disagreeing, reporting, editing, deleting, etc.) with a comment (i.e., criticism or praise) or post a comment, posting material to the Service, posting a link to the Service, making or allowing a third party to provide material available in the Service, referred later as the “Content”.
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By creating your Content available in the Service, you must confirm that downloading, copying and using your Content do not infringe the intellectual property rights or other proprietary rights of the Provider or of a third party (including breach of copyright, trademark, privacy or trade secrets, moral rights, database right, trade mark right, design right, right in passing off, or other intellectual property rights).
The Provider respects your request of your Content to be published anonymously if you choose. However, your anonymous Content is to be accompanied by your Education information (i.e., Education Status, School, and its Country) and your Work information (i.e., Company Name, Job Title and its Country). The Provider may disclose the information to companies and others performing services on our behalf for the following purposes: administration, quality improvement related activities, customer care, risk management, security, research and analysis, monitoring, and loyalty programs.
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Your Content must not be pornographic, must not contain threats or incite violence towards individuals or entities; must not be in breach of official secrets legislation, racial or religious hatred or discrimination legislation, and must not violate law, privacy or publicity rights of any third party.
If the Provider finds any of your or other User’s Content which satisfies at least one of above-listed descriptions, the Content will be removed, and the Provider will consider terminating or limiting User’s access to the Service.
By providing or following links to other websites, webpages and applications in your Content or the Content of other Users in the Service, you are responsible for taking precautions as necessary to protect your computer from technical attacks of a service, your rights, and rights of a third party. The Provider disclaims any responsibility for any violations caused by your use of other than the Website.
You must ensure that all the information you supply in the Service, or in relation to the Service, is true, accurate, current, complete, non-misleading, and must contain your truthful and genuine opinion, must not be illegal or unlawful, must not infringe any person's legal rights, and must not be capable of giving rise to any legal action against any person (in each case in any jurisdiction and under any applicable law). You agree not to and not assist or encourage others in violating, threatening or harming the Content of the Service, the Agreement or any information provided by other Users.
Given that the Provider does not preview or automatically check the Content provided by the User, the Provider cannot be responsible for any violation caused by the User’s Content or submitted material (Article 14 of Directive 2000/31/EC). Upon receiving awareness of the presence of such harmful information in the Service, the Provider will take appropriate actions at its sole discretion to eliminate the harmful Content. The User must indemnify the Provider from any legal liability resulting from any violation of law or any claim from third parties, including court and/or lawyer costs and fees.
For the reasons stated above, the Provider does not warrant or represent (a) the completeness or accuracy of the information published in the Service, (b) that the material in the Service is up to date, and (c) that the Service or any service in the Service will remain available.
According to the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0), by creating your Content on the Service, you grant a sublicense to the Provider, the right to use your Content, i.e., use, reproduce, store, adapt, publish, translate and distribute your Content in relation to the Service or not, in any existing or future media, any successor website for the purpose of displaying, distributing and promoting your Content and the Service, without need to ask additional permission from the User or to pay any royalties. Despite you or any other third party holding copyrights maintains keeping copyrights for your Content.
Except as expressly permitted in written, you must not use the Content provided by other Users, or any other Content of the Service, or the Agreement, for any other purpose but natural (e.g., reading, evaluating and expressing opinions on the Content within the Service). You must not republish any Content of the Service in print or electronically; sell, rent or sublicense any Content of the Service; show any Content of the Service in public; exploit any Content of the Service for any commercial or marketing purpose; or redistribute the Content of the Service. The User must not follow or process any other User’s personal information for any other but natural purpose.
As it is stated above, the Provider may use your or other User’s Content in favor of the Service.
You can remove your Content by yourself before any other User’s interactions (i.e., agreeing, disagreeing, reporting, etc.) with your Content. Otherwise, you can submit a requirement to the Provider and the Provider will do reasonable efforts to remove your Content. However, you must acknowledge that this procedure is not under regular and standard service of the Provider and the Provider will act upon discretion.
If you find that any Content in the Service violates your, other Users’ or any third party’s rights, you must inform the Provider about it prior to taking any legal actions. The Provider will respond upon our discretion either by blocking an access to the reported Content or by taking it down. You can also report any abuse by clicking the “Report” (the button with a flag icon) below each comment.
The Provider reserves the right to restrict access to areas of the Service, or indeed the whole Service, at Provider’s discretion; you must not circumvent or bypass, or attempt to circumvent or bypass, any access restriction measures in the Service.
The Provider reserves the right to discontinue or alter any or all of the Service, and to stop publishing material in the Service, at any time in our sole discretion without notice or explanation; and save to the extent expressly provided otherwise in this Agreement, you will not be entitled to any compensation or other payment upon any discontinuance or alteration of the Service, or if the Provider stops activities in the Service. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the Provider excludes all representations and warranties relating to the subject matter of this Agreement, the Service and the use of the Service.
If the User misuses the Service (e.g., violate other User’s rights, retrieve other User’s profile data, spam, commit technical attacks of the server, etc.), if you breach this Agreement in any way, or if the Provider reasonably suspects that you have breached this Agreement in any way, the Provider can: send you one or more formal warnings; temporarily suspend your access to the Service; permanently prohibit you from accessing the Service; block computers using your IP address from accessing the Service; contact any or all of your internet service providers and request that they block your access to the Service; commence legal action against you, whether for breach of contract or otherwise; and/or suspend or delete your account in the Service.
Where the Provider suspends or prohibits or blocks your access to the Service or a part of the Service, you must not take any action to circumvent such suspension or prohibition or blocking (including without limitation creating and/or using a different account).
The Provider owns and controls all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Service and the material of the Service. All the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Service and the material of the Service are reserved.
In return, the Provider respects intellectual property rights of other Users and third parties, thus, if you noticed that any Content violates rights of others, you are strongly encouraged to inform the Provider. After a detailed examination of the case, the Provider will respond with corresponding activities, which might include but is not limited to removing abuse, blocking access to the Service for the User proven to violate intellectual property rights of other Users or a third party.
Intellectual property and all rights of the Service belongs solely to Crinetic IVS, including Crinetic title, Crinetic IVS, the Website, platform and application design, servers running the Service, Crinetic logo, graphical elements and icons, trademark and service marks, etc. Despite the level of the User’s active participation in building the Service and good intentions, the User must not infringe any copyright, moral right, database right, trade mark right, design right, right in passing off, or other intellectual property rights.
Standard trademarks, service marks and graphical elements (i.e., TM, @, ©) of third parties can be used without any identification, as they are not protected by any applicable law.
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of the Kingdom of Denmark and the law of the European Union (European Communities). Any disputes relating to this Agreement shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Kingdom of Denmark.
The Provider highly appreciates your recommendations and advice, hereafter referred to as the “Recommendations”, on how to improve the Service. The Provider reserves the right to decide how to acknowledge and reward the Users who share the Recommendations.
By proposing the Recommendations you guarantee that: (a) the Recommendations do not contain proprietary information of third parties; (b) the application of such Recommendations does not violate any law; (c) as the Provider might already have something similar to the Recommendations on the development stage, the Provider is not obliged to acknowledge your input; (d) you grant us unconditional, royalty-free, worldwide license to use, reproduce, store, adapt, publish, translate, distribute and/or sublicense your Recommendations.
The Provider may revise the Agreement from time to time. The Provider leaves it under your responsibility to check updates in the Agreement periodically. The revised Agreement shall apply to the use of the Service from the date of publication of the revised Agreement in the Service. If you do not agree to the revised Agreement, you must stop using the Service.
Along with the revised rules, the Provider reserves the right to modify and/or add new services and/or other products to the Service. Such variations will also affect the content of the Agreement.
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You may not without the prior written consent assign of the Provider, transfer, subcontract or otherwise deal with any of your rights and/or obligations under the Agreement.
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The Provider reserves the right to change, reduce, modify, interrupt or discontinue any or all of the Service, and to stop publishing the Service, at any time in our sole discretion without notice or explanation; and save to the extent expressly provided otherwise in the Agreement, you will not be entitled to any compensation or other payment upon any discontinuance or alteration of the Service, or if the Provider stops publishing the Service.
The Provider may terminate or partly limit your access completely or to a part of the Service with or without a reason, with or without a cause, with or without any notice. You or other Users can also terminate using the Service by either discontinuing accessing to the Service or sending a request to discontinue using the Service.
To the extent that the Service and the information and services in the Service are provided free of charge, the Provider or any natural or legal entity behind it will not be liable for any loss or damage of any nature.
Nothing in the Agreement will limit or exclude any liability for death, personal injury; limit or exclude any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation, something that is not permitted or not to be excluded under applicable law.
The Provider is not liable to you in respect of (a) any losses arising out of any event or events beyond our reasonable control, (b) any loss or corruption of any data, database or software, (c) any special, indirect or consequential loss or damage, and (d) any business losses, including but not limited to loss of or damage to profits, income, revenue, use, production, anticipated savings, business, contracts, loss of information and data, commercial opportunities or goodwill.
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The Provider reserves the right to translate the Service as well as the Agreement to other languages for our convenience or convenience of other Users. Despite, in no circumstances, the Provider leave the priority for the English version of the Service, and any inconsistencies or misunderstandings will be resolved in favor of the English version of the Service.
You accept that the Provider has an interest in limiting the personal liability of our contractors, directors, officers, employees, agents and licensors, further referred as the “Officers”. Having regard to that interest, you acknowledge that the Provider is a limited liability entity; you agree that you will not bring any claim and expenses including attorney’s fees personally against the Officers in respect of any losses you suffer in connection with the Service or the Agreement. This will not limit or exclude the liability of the limited liability entity itself for the acts and omissions of the Officers.
The Agreement is for the benefit of the Provider and your benefit, and is not intended to benefit or be enforceable by any third party. The exercise of the parties' rights under the Agreement is not subject to the consent of any third party.
If a provision of the Agreement is determined by any court or other competent authority to be unlawful and/or unenforceable, or part of it is deleted, the other provisions and/or the rest of the deleted provision will continue in effect. Instead of the invalid or deleted provision, a valid provision is deemed to have been agreed upon which comes closest to the purpose of the Agreement and taking into consideration the interests of the parties as far as this is legally possible.
Crinetic does believe in the peer-review system. It provides a reasonably fair procedure to screen for valuable articles; however, the downside is that only a relatively small number of people can participate in the system. The goal of Crinetic is to strengthen the peer-review system by allowing more people to take part. By collecting thoughts and challenges from the public, a new “impact factor” reveals an article’s real value. Your participation gives Crinetic the power to filter out fraudulent, unreproducible, misconceived or misleading work. With your input, Crinetic enables the real gems to be uncovered.
Any individual who is over 13 years old and accepts the “Terms and Conditions” is welcome to register an account to participate in Crinetic and help it grow.
Definitely not! Each individual can have only one account on Crinetic. Periodic checks for abuse will be performed to ensure fairness.
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a serial code for persistent unique identification of objects, particularly for electronic documents such as journal articles. By now over 120 million DOIs have been assigned. For more details about DOI, please refer to https://www.doi.org/.
An article's rating is the average of commenters’ ratings. Each reviewer will be asked to leave a rating to the question “How useful and helpful is the article?” when they leave a comment. Keep in mind that every reviewer can only rate an article after they leave a comment and will only be allowed to do so once.
Crinetic’s search engine will show you results matching the following information: DOI, article title, author, journal name and #keyword. If you are trying to locate a specific article, DOI is recommended.
You are welcome to post any article with a DOI and author information. Articles with a DOI but without author information will not be accepted.
The whole procedure has four elements: enter a DOI, assign keywords and categories, rate the article and leave a “Praise” or “Criticism”. At Crinetic, ease of use is our priority.
An assigned “#Keyword” makes an article accessible via Crinetic search engine, and helps readers find it easily. Each user is welcome to add one more keyword to an article.
All kinds of praise and criticism are welcome as long as they are well-intentioned. Crinetic respects your comments, and we also hope other readers will too. Any kind of personal attack is strictly forbidden on Crinetic; your comments must focus only on the article.
Yes, Crinetic respects your privacy and understands sometimes you would like to share your comments anonymously just as in the peer-review system. When leaving a comment, you can simply activate “Go Incognito” to make your comment anonymous. Please read our “Terms and Conditions” to use the “Incognito” identity properly.
There are two sides to every coin, so is your comment. With the “Praise” and “Criticism” labels, readers can easily focus on each side of your comments. This enables readers to approach the article in an organized and systematical way.
Every article deserves praise but we believe “Criticism” is the more productive and is able to be leveraged for the best. A limit on the number of “Praise” and “Criticism” comments is applied to encourage users to give priority to the most important comments.
The limit is not intended to be constraining. The intention is to encourage users to express their opinions in a concise way. Crinetic hopes that the 500-character limit will help users quickly gain insights from different perspectives.
For some cases, this limit may cause troubles for some comments. If you feel your opinions are constrained by the 500-character limit, you can upload a file to support your point of view. Crinetic currently accepts one file less than 1MB in the following formats: Microsoft® Word, PowerPoint, Excel, PDF, JPEG or PNG.
Yes. You can simply attach one file of less than 1MB while leaving a comment. Crinetic currently accepts the following formats: Microsoft® Word, PowerPoint, Excel, PDF, JPEG or PNG.
For fairness, you can only edit your comment before any other user has interacted with it by an action such as “Agree”, Disagree” and “Report”. If you are the first reviewer of an article, you can edit its keywords anytime. In other words, you are an administrator of that article.
You might associate them with the “like” button on other social networks, but here “Agree” and “Disagree” have additional important functions. Once you spot a comment which you agree with, by clicking “Agree” you can bump its order up on the comment list. The comment with the most “Agrees” will be located at the top if the sorting method “Most Agreed” is used. “Disagree” works in the opposite fashion to “Agree”. On Crinetic, to share your thought and contribute to academia, you don’t even need to type a word!
As an expert in your profession, you are able to suggest valuable articles for other readers. If you have a suitable article to which you think readers should give priority over the existing one, simply click “Suggest an article” on the bottom of the “Suggested Reading” list. A DOI is the only requirement.
Certainly, you can choose to hide “Education” and/or “Work” on the “Edit Profile” page. To go completely anonymous, try to activate “Go Incognito” when you post an article or comment.
Crinetic is equipped with a mechanism to filter potential abuse. Simply activate “Report this comment” on the abusive comment, and the process starts automatically. Of course, you can also report any abuse by directly sending an email to report@crinetic.com. We are always by your side on the mission to secure a professional and friendly atmosphere!
If you have thoughts or ideas to share, questions to ask or want to report abuse, please send us your feedback or message us on facebook. We love to hear from you!
Your feedback makes Crinetic better!
If you have thoughts or ideas to share, questions to ask or want to report abuse, please send us your feedback or message us on facebook. We love to hear from you!